Essential Words for the TOEFL
- شروع کننده موضوع *زهره*
- تاریخ شروع
scarcely / ˈskeəsli $ ˈsker- /
adv. almost not
Syn. hardly
adj. scarce
n. scarcity
The woman scarcely spoke a word of English.
Due to a scarcity of water, a rationing plan was established.
The city had scarcely changed in 20 years.
The country had scarcely any industry.
He scarcely ever left the region.
It was getting dark and she could scarcely see in front of her.
scarcely a day goes by when I don't think of him.
Common Errors:
Never I had seen such an ugly face.
Never had I seen such an ugly face.
When negative adverbs such as never/seldom/hardly/scarcely are used at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and auxiliary verb change places: ‘Never have I known him to lose.’ ‘Rarely do you find such intelligence in a child.’
theoretically
adv. according to a reasoned, but not proven, point of view
adj. theoretical
n. theory
v. theorize
Syn. hypothetically
His argument was theoretically appealing but not realistic.
Leonardo da Vinci theorized that the Earth was not the center of the universe.
Theoretically he’s in charge, but in fact his secretary makes all the decisions.
It is theoretically possible for computers to be programmed to think like humans.
Theoretically, Damian's the boss, but I coordinate the team on a day-to-day basis.
[h=2][/h]
[h=2][/h]
Lesson 8
accelerate
v. to go faster, to speed up, to (cause to) move faster
n. acceleration
n. accelerator
Syn. hasten
—opposite decelerate
The action of molecules accelerates when they are heated.
The poor condition of the motor made acceleration difficult.
measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth.
The car accelerated smoothly away.
crush
v. to press together so as to completely distort the shape or nature of the object
adj. crushing
n. crush
Syn. grind
The machine crushes corn to produce corn meal.
Passage of the legislation was a crushing blow to the president's program.
Don’t crush the box, there are eggs inside!
The tree fell on top of the car and crushed it.
His leg was crushed in the accident.
Two people were crushed to death in the rush to escape.
he was crushed under the wheels of a truck.
cultivate
v. to plant and raise a crop; to encourage growth of a relationship or friendship
to pay special and friendly attention to (someone that one regards as useful):
adj. cultivated
n. cultivation
Syn. grow
The professionals had common interests that allowed them to cultivate a working relationship with each other.
The cultivation of diverse crops in pre-Columbian America is well documented.
Professor Gladwyn would be an acquaintance worth cultivating.
We cultivated maize and watermelons.
John always tries to cultivate people who might be able to help him professionally
The cultivation of diverse crops in pre-Columbian America is well documented.
Professor Gladwyn would be an acquaintance worth cultivating.
We cultivated maize and watermelons.
John always tries to cultivate people who might be able to help him professionally
dictate
v. to tell someone exactly what they must do or how they must behave
to state demands with the power to enforce
adj. dictatorial
n. dictator
Syn. impose
The workers were not in a position to dictate demands to management.
His boss resembled a dictator.
We’re now in a position to dictate our own demands (to the management).
We can dictate how the money will be spent.
The media cannot be allowed to dictate to the government.
Can they dictate how the money will be spent?
Federal funds have to be used as dictated by Washington.
Islamic custom dictates that women should be fully covered.
The US government attempted to dictate the terms of the agreement.
His boss resembled a dictator.
We’re now in a position to dictate our own demands (to the management).
We can dictate how the money will be spent.
The media cannot be allowed to dictate to the government.
Can they dictate how the money will be spent?
Federal funds have to be used as dictated by Washington.
Islamic custom dictates that women should be fully covered.
The US government attempted to dictate the terms of the agreement.
peace terms were dictated to the defeated Germany.
you can't dictate to people how they should vote.
the law dictated that his head should be cut.
you can't dictate to people how they should vote.
the law dictated that his head should be cut.
distinguish
v. to hear, see, or recognize differences
adj. distinguishable
adj. distinguished
adj. distinguishing
Syn. discriminate
Some people cannot distinguish colors well.
Anteaters are distinguished by their long noses.
His attorney argued that Cope could not distinguish between right and wrong.
a method of distinguishing cancer.
I can distinguish them by their uniforms.
Can you distinguish the different buildings at such a distance?
flaw
n. a mistake, mark, or weakness that makes something imperfect
adj. flawed
Syn. defect
There is a flaw in his theory.
They noticed that the contract was flawed.
a flaw in the software.
a slight flaw in the glass.
A design flaw (=a mistake or weakness in the way. something was made) caused the engine to explode.
a flaw in a bar of steel.
several flaws in his argument.
an engine without any flaw.
mirror
v. to show, as in a mirror
if one thing mirrors another, it is very similar to it and may seem to copy or represent it
n. mirror
Syn. reflect
The results of the study mirror public opinion.
The strength of the economy is mirrored in the standard of living of the people.
Henry's sad smile mirrored that of his son.
The economic recovery in Britain was mirrored in the US.
My experience of working in this area closely mirrors your own.
Do these opinion polls really mirror what people are thinking?
obtain
v. to gain or secure something
adj. obtainable
Syn. gain
The university obtained a new particle accelerator.
The painting by Whistler was not obtainable.
The form is obtainable at your local post office.
I’m sorry sir, that type of camera is no longer obtainable.
you must first obtain the necessary information.
I could not obtain a copy of her book.
friendship is not obtainable through money.
Further information can be obtained from head office.
You will need to obtain permission from the principal.
the results obtained through these surveys.
settle
v. to establish a home; to resolve a disagreement
adj. settled
n. settlement
Syn. colonize
People arriving from the south settled in California.
The lawyers settled their differences and came to an agreement.
Rodman met with Kreeger to try and settle the dispute over his contract.We hope the factions will be able to settle their differences (=agree to stop arguing) by peaceful means.
Forensic tests should settle the question of whether Bates was actually present at the scene of the crime.
She finally settled with her former employers for an undisclosed sum.
They might be willing to settle out of court (=come to an agreement without going to a court of law) .
Many Jewish people settled in the Lower East Side.
They settled their argument/differences in a friendly way.
The two companies settled (their dispute) out of court. (=came to an agreement about it between themselves rather than letting a court of law decide about it)
Forensic tests should settle the question of whether Bates was actually present at the scene of the crime.
She finally settled with her former employers for an undisclosed sum.
They might be willing to settle out of court (=come to an agreement without going to a court of law) .
Many Jewish people settled in the Lower East Side.
They settled their argument/differences in a friendly way.
The two companies settled (their dispute) out of court. (=came to an agreement about it between themselves rather than letting a court of law decide about it)
transport
v. to move from one place to another
adj. transportable
adj. transported
n. transportation
Syn. carry
Flying is not always the fastest way to transport passengers to their destination.
The transportation expenses of products increase their final cost.
Lesson 9
accurate
adj. careful and exact
adv. accurately
n. accuracy
Syn. precise
She was able to make accurate observations with the new telescope.
Experiments must be conducted with accuracy.
the accuracy of his account.
to throw darts with pinpoint accuracy.
to throw darts with pinpoint accuracy.
dense
adj. made of or containing a lot of things or people that are very close together, difficult to see through
adv. densely
n. density
Syn. thick
The boating accident was caused by the dense fog.
Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world.
A narrow track wound steeply up through dense forest.
a dense rurally-based population.
a dense forest.
a dense substance.
a dense smoke or liquid.
a dense crowd.
depend on
v. to count on; to be supported by
to need the support, help, or existence of someone or something in order to exist, be healthy, be successful etc
adv. dependably
adj. dependable
n. dependence
n. dependency
n. dependent
Syn. trust, rely on
The farmers depend on rain to produce a good harvest.
His dependency on alcohol destroyed his marriage.
The country depends heavily on its tourist trade.
We depend entirely on donations from the public.
Many women have to depend on their husbands for their state pension.
I'm depending on you to tell me everything.
We're depending on him finishing the job by Friday.
Common Errors
The number of hours he worked was depend on the number of absentees.
The number of hours he worked depended on the number of absentees.
Depend (on) is a verb, NOT an adjective.
to need the support, help, or existence of someone or something in order to exist, be healthy, be successful etc
adv. dependably
adj. dependable
n. dependence
n. dependency
n. dependent
Syn. trust, rely on
The farmers depend on rain to produce a good harvest.
His dependency on alcohol destroyed his marriage.
The country depends heavily on its tourist trade.
We depend entirely on donations from the public.
Many women have to depend on their husbands for their state pension.
I'm depending on you to tell me everything.
We're depending on him finishing the job by Friday.
Common Errors
The number of hours he worked was depend on the number of absentees.
The number of hours he worked depended on the number of absentees.
Depend (on) is a verb, NOT an adjective.
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