Related Oil & Gas Terms

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Related Oil & Gas Terms
Directional drilling
1. intentional deviation of a wellbore from the vertical. although wellbores are normally drilled vertically, it is sometimes necessary or advantageous to drill at an angle from the vertical. controlled directional drilling makes is possible to reach subsurface areas laterally remote from the point where the bit enters the earth. it often involves the use...
Driller
1. the employee directly in charge of a drilling or workover rig and crew. his main duty is operation of the drilling and hoisting equipment, but he is also responsible for downhole condition of the well, operation of downhole tools, and pipe measurements. 2. the supervisor of the rig crew. the driller is responsible for the efficient...
Packed-hole assembly
A bottomhole assembly consisting of stabilizers and large-diameter drill collars arranged in a particular configuration to maintain drift angle and direction of a hole....
Sub
A short, threaded piece of pipe used to adapt parts of the drilling string that cannot otherwise be screwed together because of differences in thread size or design. a sub (i.e., a substitute) may also perform a special function. lifting subs are used with drill collars to provide a shoulder to fit the drill pipe...
Riser pipe
The pipe and special fittings used on floating offshore drilling rigs to establish a seal between the top of the wellbore, which is on the ocean floor, and the drilling equipment, located above the surface of the water. a riser pipe serves as a guide for the drill stem from the drilling vessel to the...
(bha) the lower portion of the drillstring, consisting of (from the bottom up in a vertical well) the bit, bit sub, a mud motor (in certain cases), stabilizers, drill collars, heavy-weight drillpipe, jarring devices (“jars”) and crossovers for various threadforms. the bottomhole assembly must provide force for the bit to break the rock (weight on bit), survive a hostile mechanical environment and provide the driller with directional control of the well. oftentimes the assembly includes a mud motor, directional drilling and measuring equipment, measurementswhile- drilling tools, logging-while-drilling tools and other specialized devices. a simple bha consisting of a bit, various crossovers, and drill collars may be relatively inexpensive (less than $100,000 us in 1999), while a complex one may cost ten or more times that amount.
Casing
1. steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well as drilling progresses to prevent the wall of the hole from caving in during drilling, to prevent seepage of fluids, and to provide a means of extracting petroleum if the well is productive. 2. large-diameter pipe lowered into an openhole and cemented in place. the well...
Fishtail bit
A drilling bit with cutting edges of hard alloys. developed about 1900, and first used with the rotary system of drilling, it is still useful in drilling very soft formations. also called a drag bit....
Mobile offshore drilling unit
A drilling rig that is used exclusively to drill offshore exploration and development wells and that floats upon the surface of the water when being moved from one drill site to another. it may or may not float once drilling begins. two basic types of mobile offshore drilling units are used to drill most offshore...
Impression block
A block with lead or another relatively soft material on its bottom. it is made up of drill pipe or tubing at the surface, run into a well, and set down on the object that has been lost in the well. the block is retrieved and the impression is examined. the impression is a mirror...
Retainer
A cast-iron or magnesium drillable tool consisting of a packing assembly and a back-pressure valve. it is used to close off the annular space between tubing or drill pipe and casing to allow the placement of cement or fluid through the tubing or drill pipe at any predetermined point behind the casing or liner, around...
Annulus
The space between two concentric objects, such as between the wellbore and casing or between casing and tubing, where fluid can flow. pipe may consist of drill collars, drillpipe, casing or tubing....
Stuck pipe
Drill pipe, drill collars, casing, or tubing that has inadvertently become immovable in the hole. sticking may occur when drilling is in progress, when casing is being run in the hole, or when the drill pipe is being hoisted....
Bradenhead squeeze
A process used to repair a hole in the casing by pumping cement down tubing or drill pipe. first, the casinghead, or bradenhead, is closed to prevent fluids from moving up the casing. then the rig’s pumps are started. pump pressure moves the cement out of the tubing or pipe and, since the top of...
Tubular goods
Any kind of pipe. oilfield tubular goods include tubing, casing, drill pipe, and line pipe. also called tubulars....

Mud return line
A trough or pipe that is placed between the surface connections at the wellbore and the shale shaker and through which drilling mud flows upon its return to the surface from the hole. also called flow line....
Annular velocity
The speed at which drilling fluid or cement moves in the annulus. it is important to monitor annular velocity to ensure that the hole is being properly cleaned of cuttings, cavings and other debris while avoiding erosion of the borehole wall. the annular velocity is commonly expressed in units of feet per minute or, less commonly, meters per...
Drilling fluid cycle time
A cycle, or down the hole and back, is the time required for the pump to move the drilling fluid in he hole. the cycle in minutes equals the barrels of mud in the hole divided by barrels per minute....
Barrel (bbl)
1. a measure of volume for petroleum products in the united states. one barrel is the equivalent of 42 u.s. gallons or 0.15899 cubic meters (9,702 cubic inches). one cubic meter equals 6.2897 barrels. 2. the cylindrical part of a sucker rod pump in which the piston-like plunger moves up and down. operating as a...
Viscosity
A measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow. resistance is brought about by the internal friction resulting from the combined effects of cohesion and adhesion. the viscosity of petroleum products is commonly expressed in terms of the time required for a specific volume of the liquid to flow through a capillary tube of...
Mud density
Weight per unit volume of drilling fluid usually expressed in pounds per gallon or pounds per cubic foot. see hydrostatic pressure....
Choke line
1. a pipe attached to the blowout preventer stack out of which kick fluids and mud can be pumped to the choke manifold when a blowout preventer is closed in on a kick. 2. a high-pressure pipe leading from an outlet on the bop stack to the backpressure choke and associated manifold. during well-control operations, the fluid under...
• Stack
1. a vertical arrangement of blowout prevention equipment. also called preventer stack. see blowout preventer. 2. the vertical chimney-like installation that is the waste disposal system for unwanted vapor such as flue gases or tail-gas streams....
Hanger plug
A device placed or hung in the casing below the blowout preventer stack to form a pressure tight seal. pressure is then applied to the blowout preventer stack to test it for leaks...
Closing unit
The assembly of pumps, valves, lines, accumulators, and other items necessary to open and close the blowout preventer equipment....
• Blowout preventer operating and control system
The assembly of pumps, valves, lines, accumulators, and other items necessary to open and close the blowout preventer equipment. also called closing unit....
Abandon
1. to cease efforts to produce oil or gas from a well, and to plug a depleted formation and salvage all material and equipment. 2. to cease producing oil and gas from a well when it becomes unprofitable. a wildcat well may be abandoned after it has proven nonproductive. several steps are involved in abandoning...
Off production
Said of a well when it is shut in or temporarily not able to produce....
• Temporarily abandoned
Temporarily shut in but not plugged....
Closed-in
A well capable of producing oil or gas, but temporarily shut in....
Storm plug
A retrievable tool used to suspend drilling temporarily during a storm offshore....
Bope
Abbreviation: blowout preventer equipment...
Pipe ram
A sealing component for a blowout preventer that closes the annular space between the pipe and the blowout preventer or wellhead....
Stack
1. a vertical arrangement of blowout prevention equipment. also called preventer stack. see blowout preventer. 2. the vertical chimney-like installation that is the waste disposal system for unwanted vapor such as flue gases or tail-gas streams....
Hanger plug
A device placed or hung in the casing below the blowout preventer stack to form a pressure tight seal. pressure is then applied to the blowout preventer stack to test it for leaks...
• Ram blowout preventer
A blowout preventer that uses rams to seal off pressure on a hole that is with or without pipe. also called a ram preventer....
 

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