شناسایی Bugs (Hemiptera)

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Stictopleurus punctatonervosus

Stictopleurus punctatonervosus

Stictopleurus punctatonervosus

Family: Scentless Plant Bugs (Rhopalidae)

Stictopleurus abutilon and its brother Stictopleurus punctatonervosus are rapidly reappearing in much of Britain. The two species are extremely similar though. To tell them apart, you should look at the combination of these characteristics. Stictopleurus abutilon has a brownish ground colour, sometimes yellowish brown. Stictopleurus punctatonervosus is always greyish to even blackish, but lacks the "warmth" in colouring of its brother. The tip of the scutellum is round and broad in Stictopleurus abutilon. It is round and slim in Stictopleurus punctatonervosus. The neckshield of Stictopleurus punctatonervosus is entirely and regularly punctuated. There is a marking near the front edge. This marking consists of two half circles. There is a vague dark line between these half circles. The line is interrupted in the middle. It looks like Stictopleurus punctatonervosus is wearing a pair of reading glasses. The neck shield of Stictopleurus abutilon is not punctuated as deeply and as regularly. It too has a marking near the front of the neck shield, consisting of two full circles. As these circles are connected by a small dark line too and this line is also interupted in the middle, it rather looks like Stictopleurus abutilon wears a pair of full sized spectacles. In well marked animals the presence of this full set of glasses is decisive. However many animals are less well marked, often resulting in the glasses being hardly visible or even absent. Be aware identifying Rhopalids on the continent, for more very similar species exist, such as Stictopleurus crassicornis. All species are some 6.6 to 8.5mm long.

In spring the adults are depositing their eggs. Larvae appear from June. They live on Thistles and many other plants. In August the first will turn adult. From mid-September to the end of October adults and larvae may be seen together in small mixed groups. By the end of October all adults have found a place for overwintering and have disappeared. In spring they reappear under good weather conditions. Now mating takes place. The larvae are similar to the adults.

Stictopleurus punctatonervosus once lived in two completely separated areas: Austria and Italy and parts of England. In England the numbers declined however and by the 1950's Stictopleurus punctatonervosus was believed to be extinct in Britain. The last species was reported in 1957(!). In the mid-1990's however it was suddenly rediscovered and in a few years it recolonized much of Southern and Eastern England. It still continues expanding northwards. Although it could be there has always been an undiscovered colony in England, it is rather safe to assume the species has been re-introduced in Britain by accident. This assumption is based an a similar sudden move northwards on the continent, where it reached the Netherlands and Denmark in the 1990's. Most blame the changing climate for this sudden reappearance, but the fact it did live in Britain before 1957 make this a mere speculation. Common through most of Central Europe. In Britain and on the continent still expanding northwards.




 

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Rhopalus parumpunctatus

Rhopalus parumpunctatus

Rhopalus parumpunctatus

Family: Scentless Plant Bugs (Rhopalidae)

Rhopalus parumpunctatus is a small, rather unobtrusive bug. There are some very similar other members of this family and usually it can be best separated from these by looking at the very tiny light edge and the bright and yellow point of the shield (the scutellum). Ordinarily it is some shade of darker brown, but the basic colour is quite variable indeed. It is some 6 or 7mm long.

Many Rhopalid bugs are quite new in the fauna of Western and Nothern Europe. In most cases up to some 15 to 20 years ago this used to be a very small family in Western Europe, represented by only a few species. Probably due to the climate change many additional species have reached Western and Northern Europe. Just to mention a few Rhopalus subrufus, Brachycarenus tigrinus, Stictopleurus abutilon, Stictopleurus punctatonervosus en Corizus hyoscyami. Most of these have reached Britain as well. Rhopalus parumpunctatus fits perfectly in this line up. By the way many of these species do appear in gardens regularly and most of them are found easily.




 

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Rhopalus subrufus

Rhopalus subrufus

Rhopalus subrufus

Family: Scentless Plant Bugs (Rhopalidae)

Rhopalus subrufus is a very small Scentless Plant Bug. Easily identified by the great contrast between the whitish and reddish brown parts. More about this species soon.





 

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Andromeda Lace Bug Stephanitis takeyai

Andromeda Lace Bug Stephanitis takeyai

Andromeda Lace Bug Stephanitis takeyai

Family: Lace Bugs (Tingidae)

The Andromeda Lace Bug belongs to a rather small family of beautiful, rather curious bugs. In the wings are numerous larger or smaller transparent places. Therefore they make the impression being made of lace, a net or leaded window. Some species also carry enormous thickened antennae. Most species are some 3 to 5mm long. The Andromeda Lace Bug also is a very small species. When seen with the ***** eye one sees a small black and white animal. Only looked at through magnifying glasses or by taking a macro picture will the true beauty be revealed.

This species was discovered in Europe for the first time in a private garden in the Netherlands in 1994. In the years that followed it was discovered in many other countries as well. First seen in Britain in 1994. The Andromeda Lace Bug originates from Japan and the Himalayas and was discovered as a separate species in 1956. It leaves a secritive life and because it is very small indeed, goes about unnoticed, especially when occuring in small numbers. The eggs are being laid in late summer. They are deposited in small punctures in the leaf near the main vain. Each egg is deposited separately and the hole is closed by droppings. After hibernation the larva hatches and starts sucking on the leaf. It runs through five instars in a period of one to three months before becoming adult itself. It is said this species may infest Andromeda species, Pieris species, such as Pieris japonica, Azalea and Rhododendron. In our garden it is only seen on the Pieris. Azalea and Rhododendron close by are uninfested apparently.




 

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Ant Damsel Bug Himacerus mirmicoides, larva

Ant Damsel Bug Himacerus mirmicoides, larva

Ant Damsel Bug Himacerus mirmicoides, larva

Family: Assassin Bugs (Damsel Bugs - Nabidae)

It is hard to tell the adult Ant Damsel Bug apart from similar species. Himacerus apterus for instance is almost identical, but actually has shorter antennae. It is a good way of telling these species apart. The one with antennae shorter than its body or exactly the same size is the Ant Damsel Bug. Should the antennae be longer than the animal's body, you are holding a Himacerus apterus. The wings are usually not fully developed and very short. Occasionally though the wings are fully grown, but even animals with fully grown wings are not capable of flying. Adult animals are some 7 to 9 mm long. The larvae can be identified with great ease: they look like rather big ants. Because birds and other predators seldomly hunt for ants the larvae behave inconspicuously by sitting on top of flowers. There they hunt for other insects. Even flies bigger than themselves are being attacked. When attacking they assume a threatening position, not unlike the Praying Mantis's. The Ant Damsel Bug is active by night and by day. The adults appear in September and overwinter. The eggs are being laid in April, they usually hatch by the end of May or in June, which is by the time the last adults die. The larvae are seen in July and August especially.




 

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Ant Damsel Bug Himacerus mirmicoides, adult

Ant Damsel Bug Himacerus mirmicoides, adult

Ant Damsel Bug Himacerus mirmicoides, adult

Family: Assassin Bugs (Damsel Bugs - Nabidae)


It is hard to tell the adult Ant Damsel Bug apart from similar species. Himacerus apterus for instance is almost identical, but actually has shorter antennae. It is a good way of telling these species apart. The one with antennae shorter than its body or exactly the same size is the Ant Damsel Bug. Should the antennae be longer than the animal's body, you are holding a Himacerus apterus. The wings are usually not fully developed and very short. Occasionally though the wings are fully grown, but even animals with fully grown wings are not capable of flying. Adult animals are some 7 to 9 mm long. The larvae can be identified with great ease: they look like rather big ants. Because birds and other predators seldomly hunt for ants the larvae behave inconspicuously by sitting on top of flowers. There they hunt for other insects. Even flies bigger than themselves are being attacked. When attacking they assume a threatening position, not unlike the Praying Mantis's. The Ant Damsel Bug is active by night and by day. The adults appear in September and overwinter. The eggs are being laid in April, they usually hatch by the end of May or in June, which is by the time the last adults die. The larvae are seen in July and August especially.




 

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Himacerus apterus, adult

Himacerus apterus, adult

Himacerus apterus, adult

Family: Assassin Bugs (Damsel Bugs - Nabidae)

It is hard to tell the adult Himacerus apterus apart from similar species. The Ant Damsel Bug for instance looks identical, but actually has longer antennae. It is a good way of telling these species apart. The one with antennae shorter than its body or exactly the same size is the Ant Damsel Bug. Should the antennae be longer than the animal's body, you are holding a Himacerus apterus. The wings are usually not fully developed and very short. The animal is not able to fly. Adult Himacerus apterus are some 8 to 11 mm long. The larvae are wingless smaller copies of the adults. They don't look like ants at all, as can be seen in the bottom picture. They may be seen in May and June mainly, from July to October one may find the adults. These are slow moving predators, climbing on plants and shrubs. They hunt for small insects and spiders, but will suck on plants when no prey is available. The eggs, which are being laid by the end of September or in October, are placed in small holes in the stems of plants. It's the egg overwintering.




 

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Himacerus apterus, larva

Himacerus apterus, larva

Himacerus apterus, larva

Family: Assassin Bugs (Damsel Bugs - Nabidae)

It is hard to tell the adult Himacerus apterus apart from similar species. The Ant Damsel Bug for instance looks identical, but actually has longer antennae. It is a good way of telling these species apart. The one with antennae shorter than its body or exactly the same size is the Ant Damsel Bug. Should the antennae be longer than the animal's body, you are holding a Himacerus apterus. The wings are usually not fully developed and very short. The animal is not able to fly. Adult Himacerus apterus are some 8 to 11 mm long. The larvae are wingless smaller copies of the adults. They don't look like ants at all, as can be seen in the bottom picture. They may be seen in May and June mainly, from July to October one may find the adults. These are slow moving predators, climbing on plants and shrubs. They hunt for small insects and spiders, but will suck on plants when no prey is available. The eggs, which are being laid by the end of September or in October, are placed in small holes in the stems of plants. It's the egg overwintering.




 

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Water Strider Gerris lacustris

Water Strider Gerris lacustris

Water Strider Gerris lacustris

Family: Water Striders (Gerridae)

The Common Pond Skater is a quite common bug as well. They are light and have long legs which are adapted for walking on the surface of the water. They skate with 2 pairs of legs only. The front legs are used to take any pray that accidentally lands on water. Some adults do have full wings, but in most cases the wings are underdeveloped. Only those with fully developed wings can fly. By the way: the identification is tentative, for within the genus of Gerris are a few very similar species. There are however reasons to believe this is the Common Pond Skater indeed. By the way: there are a few other water bugs. They do not live upon the water, but in it. Best known are probably the Water Boatman and the Water Scorpion.

This species is also known as the Water Strider.




 

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Kleidocerys resedae

Kleidocerys resedae

Kleidocerys resedae

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

Seed Bugs are also known as Ground Bugs. Usually they are dark. Most are small bugs, looking much like Plant Bugs. Often you can tell the difference by looking at the antennae: the Seed Bugs have antennae looking like those of the Shield Bugs: rather short and generally plump. Those of the Plant Bugs are usually long, very thin and often one part is much longer than the others. Another difference between the two families is that Seed Bugs have ocelli (small simplified eyes on top of the head), Plant Bugs don't. The Birch Catkin Bug, reaching a length of some 5 mm only, is a rather colourful representative of this family. Blowing up the picture will show you a curious species, for the wings appear to have been made out of glass. You can look through them, revealing more parts of the body than one usually can see in bugs. The species is very fond of birches and may appear in vast numbers. In autumn it is frequently seen on walls or in sheds. The Birch Catkin Bug is common all over the British Isles.




 

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Lygus pratensis

Lygus pratensis

Lygus pratensis

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

Like many other Ground Bugs Lygus pratensis is a loving character. The yellow markings near the top of the wings are often shaped like a heart. It is the most common species of this genus and wide spread all over Europe, Northern Africa, the Middle East, Northern India, China and Siberia. In Britain single brooded, on the continent double brooded in Central and Southern parts. More common in high growing herbs and other medium sized plants than in trees. The adults appear in late summer and autumn and overwinter. They are able flyers and may fly great distances to find good places to spend winter: in straw or mosses or under loose bark. The animal is quite variable, especially in colour. It may be rather greenish, but sometimes it is all brown. This species comes to light at night and is often caught by moth collectors in light traps.




 

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Megalonotus chiragra

Megalonotus chiragra

Megalonotus chiragra

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

We were not able to find much information about Megalonotus chiragra on the internet, except for the fact it loves light and sandy soils. In the Benelux countries it is quite common along the coast and inland on sand, but absent on clay and along the rivers. The funny part is, that only while photographing the little thing I discovered it had a very small animal on top of it. I know little to nothing about parasites to bugs, so I asked my friends of the Royal Entomological Society of Antwerp in Belgium about it. They informed me that only some species of mites are parasites to bugs. Their guess was that a plant louse accidentally landed on this Megalonotus chiragra's back and, due to the hairs on the bug, couldn't get loose.




 

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Drymus species

Drymus species

Drymus species

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

In Britain some seven species in the genus of Drymus are to be found, most of them restrained to Southern England. Most are very similar: usually dark and rather unmarked. The only species which may be identified with some ease is the brownish Drymus brunneus. The animal in the picture is very hard to label. It is unmarked, quite dark and the picture doesn't clearly show the exact shape of parts of the animal, such as the abdomen and the shield. Some species can be identified by looking at the shapes of various body parts. In Britain the following species are found:

Drymus brunneus, a brownish species and quite common. Even found in Scotland.
Drymus ryeii, a very dark species, usually with some brown markings on the wings. Not a common species in Britain, but found as far north as the Midlands.
Drymus sylvaticus has a varying number of brown lines and patches on the front wing. Common in most places and even found in Scotland.
Drymus latus is a brownish species, similar to Drymus brunneus, but often showing more contrast between the brown body and black thorax. A local species in Southern parts of England.
Drymus pilicornis is similar to B. sylvaticus and a local species in Southern and Central England.
Drymus pilipes is a rather rare species to be found in the Southern Parts of England only.
Drymus pumilio is a very rare species found not too far from the Southern coasts of England only.

The animal in the picture is very dark and rather unmarked. The picture has been given some extra light, to make more details visible. It is extremely difficult to put a name on it, but the most likely candidate is Drymus ryeii. By the way, until recently Drymus ryeii used to be spelled Drymus ryei.




 

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Drymus brunneus

Drymus brunneus

Drymus brunneus

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

Drymus brunneus is one of the few Drymus species which are identified easily. It is brownish and especially the legs are partially brown. They are usually black in most other genus members. More about this species soon.




 

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Scolopostethus pictus

Scolopostethus pictus

Scolopostethus pictus

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

Apparently this bug is another Groundbug. It was photographed in June 2004 and was exactly 11 mm long. There are quite some similar bugs, but we were not able to find out what species this could be. Luckily there was Dr. Wolfgang Rabitsch, a well known bug expert from Vienna who was able to help us. This species is called Scolopostethus pictus. We looked all over the web, but were not able to find any information on this animal, except for the fact that it apparently lives all over Europe. There are several similar species.




 

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Scolopostethus affinis

Scolopostethus affinis

Scolopostethus affinis

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

This bug appears to be the spitting image of the previous one, but it differs slightly. Look at the antennae, which are bicoloured and look at the front legs. It is called Scolopostethus affinis and just as common as its nephew. It is usually found on Stinging Nettle and usually it has shortened wings.




 

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Scolopostethus puberulus

Scolopostethus puberulus

Scolopostethus puberulus

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

Scolopostethus puberulus can be told apart from his brothers by looking at the bicoloured antennae. The light first two segments of the antenna are in sharp contrast with the two dark upper segments. More about this species soon.




 

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Scolopostethus thomsoni

Scolopostethus thomsoni

Scolopostethus thomsoni

Family: Seed Bugs (Lygaeidae)

Scolopostethus thomsoni has very short remains of the membranous part of the top wings. And these are cut off straight and not rounded. The second segment of the antennae has a dark top. More about this species soon.




 

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Plant Bugs (Miridae)

Plant Bugs (Miridae)

Plant Bugs (Miridae)

This a big family of small bugs, varying in length from 3 to 8 mm. They do look a lot like the Seed Bugs, but a lot of species are more colourful. Plant Bugs usually have quite long antennae and they lack the ocelli found in Seed Bugs. That is why they are called Blind Bugs in many languages. In Central Europe we find some 300 species, some of which are very hard to identify. It may help if you know the plant species being sucked by the bug, for many similar bugs specialize on one kind of host plant only, allowing you to name the species in spite of the similarity with other species. Almost all Plant Bugs are adult in summer and autumn and the eggs overwinter. Even though a few species do hunt for other small insects, most feed on plants all their life. The adults are found in flowers regularly. A few Plant Bugs are harmful in agriculture, such as the Potato Bug and the Common Green Capsid.

 

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Harpocera thoracica, male

Harpocera thoracica, male

Harpocera thoracica, male

In most bugs the difference, if any, between males and females is small. But in the pictures here you see Harpocera thoracica. The male is depicted in the three upper pictures, while the female shows herself in the three bottom pictures. We first of all believed there were two species, but our friends of the Royal Antwerp Society for Entomology identified them and they really are one and the same species. The animals are quite beautiful, but very small indeed. The adults of Harpocera thoracica live for about one moth only (May), the males even shorter. After being deposited the eggs remain eggs for some 10 months.




 

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Harpocera thoracica, female

Harpocera thoracica, female

Harpocera thoracica, female

In most bugs the difference, if any, between males and females is small. But in the pictures here you see Harpocera thoracica. The male is depicted in the three upper pictures, while the female shows herself in the three bottom pictures. We first of all believed there were two species, but our friends of the Royal Antwerp Society for Entomology identified them and they really are one and the same species. The animals are quite beautiful, but very small indeed. The adults of Harpocera thoracica live for about one moth only (May), the males even shorter. After being deposited the eggs remain eggs for some 10 months.




 

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Liocoris tripustulatus

Liocoris tripustulatus

Liocoris tripustulatus

Liocoris tripustulatus is a small, but beautiful bug. The scutellum is decorated with a heart shaped marking. Just like the two spots in the wings and the snout the colouring of the heart is variable: from whitish yellow to deep orange. There also is a more or less visible band running over the body from side to side about halfway. This band often is orange or brownish. Like in many other bugs, the legs are spickled. The insect reaches a length between 3.5 and 5mm.

The eggs are being laid in April and hatch in May. The larvae are not very similar to their parents, for they are green entirely. The larvae live on Nettle only. They suck on the flowers especially. The first adults are seen in July. They may also been seen on many other plants. It is unclear however whether they also suck on these other plants or on Nettles exclusively. The adults live for a rather long time, for there is only one brood each year. Adult Liocoris tripustulatus overwinter. During this time they hide between leaflitter, behind loose bark or in holes in trees made by wood drilling animals.

This bug doesn't care about its surroundings. As long as there's nettle, it will be around. So you'll find in woods, along wooods, in gardens, parks, wastelands and in the center of cities. Liocoris tripustulatus can be found all over Europe, the Near and Middel East, Western Asia and the Caucasus. It is a very common and often even abundant species all over Britain.




 

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Red Bug Deraeocoris ruber

Red Bug Deraeocoris ruber

Red Bug Deraeocoris ruber

The Red Bug comes in two varieties. This is the colourful one.




 

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Red Bug Deraeocoris ruber

Red Bug Deraeocoris ruber

Red Bug Deraeocoris ruber

This is the less colourful variety of the Red Bug in which the animals are blackish mainly.




 

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Common Green Capsid Lygocoris pabulinus

Common Green Capsid Lygocoris pabulinus

Common Green Capsid Lygocoris pabulinus

Even though some bugs are damaging to crops, the number of true noxious bugs is small, certainly in comparison to moths, beetles and plant lice. The Common Green Capsid however is obnoxious in agriculture. Its colour is perfect of course: just like a Granny Smith. It lives on apple trees and other fruit trees for a very short time only. Soon after hatching it changes to gooseberries, potatoes etc. Yet it is most damaging in fruit trees. The reason for this is the fact that the females lay their eggs near the butts of leaves in fruit trees. As usual in leaf bugs, the eggs hatch next spring at about the same time the leave butts start to unfold. The young larvae suck on the developing leaves, which are often not capable to cope. The Common Green Capsid also found its way into green houses, where it prefers to suck on peppers. Reaching some 5 mm quite a small species. Very common in Europe, including all of the British Isles and Ireland. Sucking on potatoes we may encounter a very similar species called the Potatoe Bug, which is characterized by two small black dots behind the head.




 

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Orthotylus virescens

Orthotylus virescens

Orthotylus virescens

Orthotylus virescens can by identified by its short nose and its foodplant: Broom




 

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Heterocordylus genistae

Heterocordylus genistae

Heterocordylus genistae

Nature often creates weird species. Heterocordylus genistae for instance is black, but looks grey and felty, because it is covered with long, white hairs, an incommon feature in bugs, for most are hairless. This is another small species, reaching a length of no more than 5 mm. Heterocordylus genistae is a useful species though, for both the adults and the larvae feed on plant lice.




 

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Grass Bug Stenodema laevigatum

Grass Bug Stenodema laevigatum

Grass Bug Stenodema laevigatum

The Grass Bug is an exceptional plant bug by all means. First of all because of the shape. It is standing apart from most other bugs because of the elonged body in the first place. Furthermore the eyes are exceptionally placed backwards in the haed. Reaching 8 to 10 mm it is also is a rather big species. Furthermore despite the name the Grass Bug is a real carnivore never sucking on plants at all. And finally it lives quite a long time and it is the adult that overwinters. The larvae are born in the beginning of summer and the first adults appear in August. They are light yellowish, not unlike older grass. In autumn they slowly turn to brown, in which colour they overwinter. After that, in spring, the colour changes once more to green, making them less conspicious in fresh grass. So the colouring changes according to the seasons and the surrounding colours. You can see that in the bottom two pictures which were taken in April. The Grass Bug is an abundant species throughout the British Isles and Ireland.




 

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Pantilius tunicatus

Pantilius tunicatus

Pantilius tunicatus

Pantilius tunicatus is a close relative of the Grass Bug. And it changes its colours too: starting off red and green, it turns into dark red later on. Reaching a length of 9 to 10 mm it is about the same size the Grass Bug is, but because of its shape, it does appear to be bigger still. In the summer of 2001 there were very few bug species in our garden. Of the species present there were a lot of individuals though. Pantilius tunicatus however was not only new to our garden, we have seen but one individual and on one occasion only. Usually the adults can be seen from August to the end of October, on olm and birch mainly. Pantilius tunicatus is a common species in Britain and England, but not as abundant as the Grass Bug. This is a species of Northern and Central Europe, getting scarcer going southwards.




 

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Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus

Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus

Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus

Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus is very common on and around oak. It can be seen sucking on both plants and insects. Reaching some 6 or 7 mm in length it is much smaller than the previous species. The adults appear for a short time only and are seen in May and June mainly. It has a burden to carry: a long and complicated scientific name, meaning something like 'yellow four-spot'. A common species all over Europe and Northern Africa and, as far as we know, very common in Britain and Ireland as well. Even though Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus is quite easy to identify, you have to pay close attention, as there are quite a few similar black and yellow species.




 

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